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Phylogenomic analysis of archaeal domain: An overview

P.Chellapandi, C.Karthigeyen, S.Sivaramakrishnan

Archaea bacteria are the ancestral to the origin of life, which have evolved before bacteria by thrived the functional genes for their successive adaptation. A molecular clock analysis estimated that archaeal evolution was originated between 3.8 to 2.5 Ga ago. To establish their morphogenesis and biogenesis in the extreme environments during divergence, many super gene families of archaeal domainwell fluxed within the same genus and some of the orthologs transferred to closely related bacteria and eukarya. Nevertheless, only few of themstably established in archaeal genome and showed its uniqueness to metabolisms and rest of them are still unknown functions. Very often, some genes especially genes involved in photorespiration might be degenerated by subsequent diversification. The genes encoded for secularity features of archaea bacteria could be either degenerated or regenerated with high evolution rate. Metabolisms of methanogenesis, osmo- and thermoregulation, sulfur, and heavy metal toxicity are still being exceptionally effective in all archaea bacteria. On basis of homologous of amino acid sequence, structural characteristics of proteins, and metabolomes, evolutionary significance of this domain with other kingdomhave been critically reviewed here. This reviewwill provide insight to future biotechnological perspectives with archaeal genome.